This publication covers different aspects of moped and motorized scooter of 50 cc and less operating tasks, with information presented so users can progress at their own speed. Topics range from basic control tasks, observation, positioning on the road, keeping a safe distance, and road traction to crossing intersections. Each section has a list of objectives to be reached in this home study program.
Download the electronic version. Throughout their career, professional drivers face a variety of situations where they must make decisions based on their knowledge and skills. It is essential that they be familiar with traffic and motor transport rules and regulations. Night driving, for instance, with its reduced visibility, has an impact on driver reaction time. Some weather conditions also increase driving risks. In winter, tire traction is reduced, making it necessary for you to adjust your driving.
When unexpected situations arise, such as mechanical problems, drivers must have strategies to stay out of trouble. This chapter therefore presents the main characteristics of such situations and proposes driving strategies for dealing with them. At night, vision is affected by a When you come within reduction in natural light. Head- metres of another vehicle, either lights cannot make up for the the one approaching you or lack of daylight.
Contrasts are the one you are following, you reduced, modifying the percep- must lower the intensity of tion of depth and movement. As your headlights. To read the road well, it is important to look beyond the range of the headlights, i. You must also adopt specific strategies at night.
Darkness reduces your field of vision. The higher your speed, the more your field of vision is reduced. You must therefore maintain a greater distance from the vehicle in front of you.
That gives the necessary safety margin to avoid any obstacles. The eyes tire faster, especially in poor weather. A cracked windshield will reduce visibility even more and add to the discomfort of the eyes. Objects offering little contrast, e. The sun and the headlights of other vehicles are well known causes of temporary blindness, but there are others.
Raindrops, Snowflakes and Fog When it is rainy, snowy or foggy, the headlights of other vehicles can be a source of temporary blindness, also called headlight glare. To avoid being blinded, use low-beams, or in fog, fog lights.
Windshield Condition A greasy film may build up on the inside of the windshield and side windows, especially if someone smokes in the vehicle. This may increase glare and visual fatigue so it is important to keep the windshield clean both inside and out. Lights Inside the Vehicle To avoid the risk of temporary blindness, no lights should be on inside the vehicle, except those on the dashboard, which should be dimly lit.
In the city, their intensity can be increased. Avoid speeding up or slowing down too quickly and, above all, avoid braking suddenly. Maintain a greater distance between your vehicle and the one in front of you. Rain Heavy rain will affect your ability to observe. You will have less information on which to base your decisions.
In addition, it may be harder to see far ahead and to keep your vehicle stable. On newer vehicles, front headlights come on automatically when the vehicle is started, but at a lower intensity.
Turn on low-beams for greater safety. Fog reduces your ability to be Fog lights are installed as low seen and partially hides road and as possible on the front of the traffic conditions. Headlights can vehicle under the regular head- create a bright screen in front of lights. Moreover, they should the vehicle, making driving much be adjusted so as not to blind more difficult.
Your vision could other drivers. When visibility is less than the braking distance, you risk hitting an obstacle or being hit yourself from behind.
Avoid guiding yourself solely with the lights of the vehicle in front of you. If the other driver leaves the road, you may lose your bearings. You should not drive with fog lights alone when headlights are required, e. It is illegal to drive on the shoulder of the road. It is preferable to turn on the hazard lights rather than leave on your headlights. That could mislead other drivers who might think your vehicle is still on the road.
They can make your vehicle unstable and even displace a smaller vehicle. Vehicles with luggage on the roof or pulling a trailer also need to be driven with special care. They may move involuntarily since they are the ones most affected by gusting winds or the air displace- ment caused by heavy vehicles. When it rains, the water combines In certain conditions, it may with dust, oil and other materials be dangerous use the cruise found on the dry road to create control.
This when you cannot drive safely is also the time the tires have the at a constant speed. The lighter the rain, the longer it takes for these substances to wash off the road.
The risk of skidding is greater when the vehicle is equipped with wide, under-inflated or worn tires. When heavy rain creates sheets of water on some areas of the road, this may cause hydroplaning. It is a form of skidding and occurs when the tires momentarily fail to adhere to the road surface. For strategies on how to control a skidding vehicle, consult the section Controlling Hydroplaning further in this chapter. Damaged Road Surface It is preferable to go around a deep hole or major bump if you can do so safely.
If not, try to control your vehicle and keep damage to a minimum. This procedure is riskier than the previous one. Always remain attentive to vibrations or unusual noises that could occur. Gravel and Dirt Roads For better visibility on gravel and dirt roads, keep a good distance between your vehicle and the one in front of you. If you follow too closely, a rock could be thrown into your windshield and damage it.
Winter driving requires good adjustment to conditions and excellent anticipation of situations. A good tune- up is necessary at the start of the season. Also lubricate the rubber strips around the doors and trunk with a suitable product.
Oil locks to prevent freezing. If a lock freezes anyway, squirt a silicone-based lubricant or de-icer into the lock. You can also heat the key with a match or a lighter before putting it into the lock. Winter tires provide better traction. Accumulated snow is therefore evacuated more quickly. To make sure your tires are in good condition, inspect the depth of the tread. Regularly checking the air pressure in your tires can reduce fuel consumption.
It prevents condensation. Leaving the vehicle stopped for several hours also causes water build-up in the tank, especially when extreme changes in tem- perature occur.
The engine takes longer to reach its normal operating temperature, i. If the cold snap continues, add fuel-line anti-freeze to the gasoline. To and, before setting out, lift them to prevent melted snow from make sure they are not frozen onto turning into ice, turn on the the windshield.
Headlights and Other Lights Before setting out, always clear snow away from headlights, signal lights and reflectors. Snow must also be cleared off the rear hatch, trunk and licence plate. For long trips, stop occa- sionally to clear the snow off headlights and other lights. The ice found under fenders can interfere with steering. Brakes If the brakes do not work as well as usual, pump the brake pedal a few times while driving.
It is important to remove the snow from your footwear to better feel the brake pedal and, therefore, to better control the brakes. You should be able to reach the pedals easily and they should work well at all times. A few minutes are enough, since the engine, gearbox, axles, tires and suspension only warm up once the vehicle is moving.
The best way to warm them up is to drive the vehicle without any rapid acceleration for the first 5 km or until the engine temperature gauge starts to rise. Make it your business to find out about road conditions. You can also place the gearshift lever in second gear. It heats up the motor oil, makes starting easier and allows engine parts to reach their peak operating tem- peratures, thereby reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Since the engine must work harder, it consumes more fuel. Be careful not to leave the block heater on all night, since you will increase your electricity bill. Snowy or Icy Surfaces On a slippery surface, be even more careful. Abrupt changes in direction can cause you to lose control of your vehicle.
Before changing direction, slow down more than usual. On a slippery surface, avoid abrupt changes in speed. Changing to a lower gear too quickly can cause you to lose control of the vehicle when your speed is not low enough. Climbing Hills The following technique applies only to steep hills or long, icy slopes. If this technique does not work, use the transmission.
In other words, if you are in drive D , the transmis- sion could automatically shift gears, which could prevent you from climbing the hill. It is better to shift into 2nd gear. If poor tire traction prevents a vehicle from climbing a snowy hill, you will have to back up.
It is important to do so safely, taking into account any vehicles behind you or approaching you. Going Downhill The following technique should be used for very slippery surfaces. When tire traction is poor, shifting to a lower gear could lock the drive wheels.
You could lose control if you have a vehicle with front- wheel drive traction or spin around if you have rear-wheel drive propulsion. Be especially careful of black ice that often looks like a wet surface. Leave a greater distance in front of your vehicle. When the engine is cold and you are driving at low speed on a slippery surface, it is easier to control braking by shifting into neutral N to stop the vehicle. Emergency Braking When you must brake over a short distance, keep control of your vehicle.
If the vehicle is equipped with an anti-lock braking system ABS , press the brake pedal to the floor and let the ABS system do the work. If the wheels remain locked, you could lose control of the vehicle and skid. You must however avoid pressing on the brake pedal often, since the stopping distance will be much longer. Instead, keep a firm and regular pressure on the brake pedal to avoid skidding and losing control of the vehicle.
For emergency braking, press the brake pedal to the floor and hold it firmly. It is normal to hear noises and feel the vibrations of the anti-lock braking system doing its work.
Parking Parking your vehicle so you can leave the parking space by driving forward provides better visibility.
It also allows you to enter traffic without having to stop in the middle of the road. However, if the vehicle is parked in a garage or carport, park your vehicle so you can back out of the parking space. That prevents exhaust from accumulating in the garage or the carport, which could be dangerous to your health. Vehicle Stuck There are different ways of driving a vehicle that is stuck in the snow. It is best not to let a wheel spin too long.
Try another method if this does not work after a few short attempts. Rocking Technique This method consists of a rocking movement. If you do not have traction aids, put sand or salt on the ground to create tire traction. This gas is difficult to detect because it is odourless and colourless. When inhaled, it can cause death. If you stay stuck for an extended period of time, move to avoid going to sleep.
Sleep and intense cold can cause death. Then, you will need to know more than just driving manoeuvres to deal with the situation.
Rapid use of your tech- nical skills, combined with your knowledge and judgment and your ability to see clearly and predict events, will help you be prepared to react quickly and well. For instance, a tired driver will take longer to evaluate a situation and will not react as fast as when rested. This is also true of someone who has trouble mastering the braking technique, who will react less effectively in these situations.
You can also use your hazard lights to make your vehicle more visible to other road users. It is important to emphasize that these basic manoeuvres are always required even though, to lighten the text, they were not written in each of the strategies that follow. If not, the steering wheel will lock and you could lose control of the vehicle. When unsure, it is best to park the vehicle on the shoulder of the road and try these strategies calmly instead of starting the engine up again while the vehicle is moving.
To avoid damaging the engine, turn it off as soon as the vehicle is stopped. If it is impossible to stop the vehicle, turn the key to Off. The engine will also be cut but the engine and steering wheel will not be locked.
The heavier the vehicle, the harder the steering wheel is to turn. Also, the slower the speed, the harder the vehicle is to turn. If the wipers cannot be repaired on the spot and if the rain and the snow persist, the vehicle should be towed. In wooded areas, signs indicate Every year, over 7, road the presence of wild animals. The accidents are caused by deer, animals may run onto the road, moose, caribou and black bears. You must always pay attention, especially at night, since they are attracted by vehicle headlights.
Deer, moose and caribou are dangerous because of their size. Exercise caution if a deer crosses the road, since they rarely travel alone. Small animals can also cause an accident, since they can startle you and make you lose control of your vehicle. Such equipment has not been proven to work.
Obstacles on the Road Should an exhaust pipe or branch lie across the road, rapidly evaluate the situation and decide whether it is best to drive over the object or around it. While changing direction, the vehicle may skid. Control the skid before changing directions again or coming to a stop.
It is the most effective stopping method, but takes practice to master. It is only used with a vehicle that does not have an anti-lock braking system ABS. It also makes it possible to save on fuel.
That forces the vehicle to work harder and burn more fuel. Two Wheels on the Shoulder When you are in a situation where both wheels of the vehicle are on the shoulder, you must react quickly. Excessive speed and sudden movements can also cause skidding. If, during a skid, the vehicle spins and you cannot regain control, there is only one thing to do: press the brake down all the way and keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.
The vehicle will then go in only one direction, even if it spins. It will eventually come to a stop. Hydroplaning In heavy rain, layers of water can form on the road surface and cause hydroplaning.
The phenomenon occurs when the tires lose traction with the road temporarily and float on the water because the tire treads can no longer evacuate the excess water. You can lose control of your steering and brakes. Driving too fast and worn or under-inflated tires can also cause you to lose control. With a vehicle that has rear-wheel drive, you may have difficulty realizing you are hydroplaning since propulsion comes from the rear wheels.
When in doubt, slow down and keep both hands on the steering wheel. Crossing a Sheet of Water Be careful when driving through a sheet of water as it might be deep and could be hiding a pothole. Try to avoid it if possible. This is however a more dangerous manoeuvre than the preceding one.
If you drop a lit cigarette or match, stay focused on controlling the vehicle. There is little risk that the fire will spread, since car manufacturers use inflammable materials, i. Risk of Head-On Collision This situation often takes drivers by surprise. You must however react quickly to avoid a collision.
Should you go off the road and there are several obstacles which cannot all be avoided, try to hit the ones that will give upon impact. If all of the obstacles are solid, try to hit them at an angle rather than straight on so the vehicle rebounds instead of crashing.
Insect in the Vehicle If you notice an insect in the vehicle, lower your side window so the wind can push it toward the back. If you have electric windows, you may want to open them all to encourage the intruder to leave. If it stays in the vehicle, go to the side of the road, stop and open all the doors. Vehicle in Contact with Live Wires It is rare that a vehicle will come into contact with live wires.
If it happens to you, you must take specific action. Even if the vehicle is completely submerged, there will be enough air to breathe for a little while if the windows remain closed.
If you and your passengers leave the vehicle while it is floating, move a good distance away as it will create an eddy when it sinks. Breakdowns Breakdowns often occur without any warning. If necessary, ask others to act as signallers. On a bridge or an expressway, remain in the vehicle, turn on the hazard lights and wait for help to arrive. Emergency services are usually notified quite quickly.
However, if you have a cell phone, call emergency services yourself. If you have a breakdown on a railway track, check to see if a train if approaching.
If you see or hear a train, move at least 30 metres away from the railway tracks with your passengers. Preventing Breakdowns Along with regular checkups, pay attention to unusual noises and behaviour in your vehicle. Some problems can be detected by using three of your senses: eyesight, hearing and smell. With your nose, you can detect an oily smell or a burnt odour. When a minor accident has caused only slight material damage, clear the way and complete a joint accident report.
If the accident scene is unsafe, for instance if there is fuel, a fire or an electrical wire near the vehicle, it is preferable not to intervene to help victims and wait for help to arrive. Are they breathing? If you do not have a fire extinguisher, use earth, sand or a blanket. Avoid water. If there is fuel, water could make it spread and make the fire worse.
While waiting for help, offer assis- A driver involved in an accident tance to anyone injured, taking who does not offer assistance care not to aggravate their condi- commits a violation and is liable tion.
Make sure that other people to a fine. At the scene of an accident where help has already arrived, avoid crowding the site and continue driving. Practise controlling a skid at low speed. Your vision is not really affected at night since the light from headlights make up for the lack of daylight. You should use your high-beams when driving in fog. To avoid being temporarily blinded, you should look at the right-hand side of the road when you meet an oncoming vehicle at night.
Since the range of your headlights is limited, you should drive more slowly at night so you have time to react to any obstacles. Turn on your high-beams only once you are beside the vehicle you are passing. The first minutes after it starts to rain are the most difficult to drive in.
In fog, you can use the lights of the vehicle in front of you as your only guide. High speed and worn or under-inflated tires can cause hydroplaning. Being attentive to unusual behaviour in your vehicle requires the following three senses: eyesight, hearing and smell. Other after will be able to see the vehicle and its headlights after more easily. You come to a curve and notice a vehicle heading straight for you. Complete the following steps.
Warn the oncoming driver with your headlights. Sound your horn 2. Make an emergency stop. Sound your horn 4. Look for an alternate route. Sound your horn 6. Sound your horn 7. Steer the vehicle toward the chosen route. Observing well, evaluating well, reacting well, being courteous and cooperating are all examples of safe behaviour. You must also beware of drowsiness and fatigue. Remaining Alert Driving involves special attention, since your eyes, your ears and your judgment are constantly solicited.
Eliminating Distractions Some drivers misjudge the amount of attention needed to drive a car. While behind the wheel, drivers should avoid drinking, eating, smoking, reading, shaving, putting on make-up, disciplining a child or talking on a cell phone. An activity is dangerous if it prevents you from concentrating on driving your vehicle.
You might then miss a potential hazard or perform a manoeuvre too late. For instance, reading a roadmap. Such distractions affect your ability to drive. Drivers must be very alert. They must keep their hands on the steering wheel and their eyes on the road.
The risk of choking increases when the vehicle is in motion. Cell Phone The cell phone can be of great assistance to call for help if there is a breakdown or to report an accident.
However, using it in traffic can lower your concentration. Driving an automobile requires your full attention and concen- tration. You must be able to see the road at all times and be ready to react to the many unforeseen situations that can arise. You should not therefore use a cell phone while driving. It is a major distraction. Cautious drivers know that being on the phone and driving at the same time increases their risk of an accident.
If you cannot reach it easily, do not attempt to find it. Fatigue reduces vigilance and signs of fatigue or else they makes it more difficult to make deci- ignore them. In addition, it slows down the coordination of movements. Do not wait to doze off before stopping. Even if you do not feel any signs of fatigue, take the necessary measures to keep your energy and coordination at their peak.
For instance, sitting for too long in the same position can cause numbness and lower your concentration. Driving at night and glare can also cause visual fatigue. You can prevent visual fatigue. Take time to rest. That is the best way to fight fatigue. They start as soon as the Alcohol consumption is involved first beverage has been consumed. This figure increases if other forms of inattention are considered. Evidence reviewed in this volume suggests that the situation is similar in other countries and that driver distraction and inattention are even more dangerous as contributing factors in crashes than drug and alcohol intoxication.
Having a solid evidence-base from which to develop injury countermeasures is a cornerstone of road-safety management. Getting a licence is a serious matter! For any references of a legal nature, please consult the Highway Safety Code and attendant regulations. They have to make sound decisions in the face of potentially dangerous situations.
Good preparation is necessary, and that means prospective heavy vehicle drivers need to acquire the know-how and skills required to handle their complex and demanding task. They must also be up to date on the rules and regulations governing road transportation.
This publication presents the procedure and the required conditions for the issue of a licence to drive a heavy vehicle for: any person who wishes to obtain, for the first time, a class 1, 2 or 3 driver s licence; any holder of a class 3 licence who wishes to obtain a class 1 or 2 licence; any holder of a class 2 licence who wishes to obtain a class 1 licence.
Class 1 also authorizes the holder to operate all other types of road vehicles, except for motorcycles. Participates in our test what you know with practice tests. The second step is to visit your nearest SAAQ to complete your vision test and hand in your completed medical report.
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