Gravity was overcome with each stone as the laborers lifted and xiii carried it to its predetermined place in the composition. Many mysteries remain about exactly how these complex and precise structures were accomplished. How were ideas documented and communicated among the tens or maybe hundreds of thousands of laborers?
In the case of Giza, what tools ensured that the lengths of the four sides varied by only 58mm? What process was in place to organize the fabrication and installation of millions of stones over decades of time by thousands of workers and achieve the parti with degrees of precision that would be considered extraor- dinary today? The pyramidal form is simple and beautiful.
These structures are even more beauti- ful as monuments to the ingenuity of the designer builders. Each is a three-dimensional diagram of the forces of gravity at work, cementing every stone in its exact position in balance with nature.
We will never know if the builders understood the science of the design or simply selected the shape for its form and because it was buildable with the tools available. Eero Saarinen understood the forces of nature. Many centuries after the pyramids, he collaborated with colleagues, engineers, a mathematician, and builders to achieve bal- ance with gravity to realize his competition-winning design. Rising from the banks of the Mississippi River is the monument to the vision of Thomas Jefferson.
The St. Louis Arch, as it is widely known, stands today as an inverted catenary curve resting in pure compres- sion and void of all shear. Accomplishing such an undertaking demanded innovation in all aspects of design and construction. High-carbon steel and con- crete were combined to create a balance of form, structure, durability, aesthetics, and con- structability. New elevator and other building systems were invented to provide usefulness and comfort.
The design accommodated a construction approach relying on the incomplete structure to carry the weight of the workers and their tools and materials as they pro- gressed toward the keystone piece joining the two legs of the curve. The meeting of the two legs that rise from a distance feet apart to a height feet above the earth demanded precision. The final section would only be allowed to slip into place with the help of nature.
The only force powerful enough to align the two legs exactly into position was the sun. Solar radia- tion landing on the opposing legs of the arch the morning of October 28, , widened the gap enough to insert the keystone section precisely and complete the arch.
The pyramids and the arch were large-scale breakthroughs in design and construc- tion. Our era is in need of similar-scale advancements in how we realize our needs for xiv enclosure and inspired design. We are facing a construction boom like no other in history. Innovation is the foundation for sustaining life on earth. We are at a critical point, and the right innovations must be incorporated in the environments of the future. Nature provides the answers—it is up to us to ask the right questions.
Like the great pyramid builders centuries ago and Eero Saarinen centuries later, the authors of this book are doing just that. Eddy Krygiel and Bradley Nies are practicing a new approach to design and building that utilizes the power of building information modeling tools and integrated design thought and process with profound results.
Their work has developed within BNIM Architects, a firm with a long history and commitment to sustainable design. Many new questions about the process of design and building have emerged from that experience. Those questions cover topics of sustainability, design, and construction process efficiency, construction quality, method of fabrication, roles and responsibilities of designers and builders, human health and comfort, durability, and the future of our industry.
By answering those questions and more, Krygiel and Nies have provided leader- ship within our firm, enabling design teams to begin the journey along a new approach to design and construction.
Utilizing BIM side by side with green design principles, our projects and research undergo scientific modeling during the earliest stages of design as the parti is refined. User comfort is evaluated and the design is modeled, helping client, designer, and builder understand the quality of space and experience.
Daylight and energy is studied throughout the process. Energy needs are minimized and renewable strategies found to serve the needs of the building.
Water use and waste are minimized or eliminated through the modeling and design of the building and site. Construc- tion waste is identified and redirected as a source for other uses and products. As a beautiful and powerful landmark for the vision of Thomas Jefferson, the St. Louis Arch is also a reminder of our need to always improve our approach to design and construction. It is time to move forward. The proposition of Krygiel and Nies will result in more beautiful, greener buildings, regenerative buildings, and triple bottom line results—good for all people, good for the environment, and responsible to the economics of their clients and communities.
As per- petual leaders in sustainable design and building information modeling in design and con- struction applications, Krygiel and Nies have integrated the principles and benefits of each with innovative, high-performing results. Today, collaborative design and construction teams are creating buildings with new aspirations.
The result has been a new approach to designing and building that has xv given birth to buildings that strive to achieve balance with nature. The term Living Building is associated with this approach to design and construction.
These sustainable structures rely on innovation and collaborative design teams. They benefit from scientific processes to understand and model high- performing results in balance with nature and achieve the contemporary needs of building occupancy. The designer and builders are achieving these results using BIM and other design and construction tools to maximize beauty, efficiency, and functionality while mini- mizing or eliminating impact of the environment. This is possible utilizing the tools and design approach revealed in this book—at the scale necessary to address the impending construction boom spreading across the globe.
If we split life into separated problems, we split the possi- bilities to make good building art. As with any project, architectural or textual, or for that matter, any project that you want to turn out well, it was a lot of work. Relative to architecture and sustainability, BIM is a fairly recent technology. Many of the tools used to measure the impact of sustainable design strategies, old or new, are not directly accessi- ble within a BIM model itself; therefore, data needs to be exported to another application or imported from a data source.
In some cases a team may need to import information to the BIM model from an outside source, such as a database of weather data or material properties. Better and more seamless integration between BIM and sustainable design will come with time as the industry continues to standardize file formats, as data sets are developed, and as owners, clients, and designers begin to demand more from application developers.
We have tried hard throughout this book to avoid promoting one green building rating system or software application over another. Our purpose in this book has been to promote best practices for sustainable design and show how to use BIM to achieve the most sustainable solution.
It is also important to acknowledge that many of our clients prefer the U. Many of the screen shots in this book are software specific.
However, throughout this book, we will be discussing ways to streamline some of that list and find the answers that work best and solve the problems that you will be facing as you reach for more sustainable designs. As you read this book, bear in mind that we tried to write this for everyone. Some in our industry are knowledgeable about sustainable design and rather new to BIM. Oth- ers know a great deal about BIM but might be a little green regarding sustainable design.
There are also some who feel as if they might need a good overview of both. In this book, we try to address all of these groups. These problems are based on a number of issues that have evolved over the course of time, such as process problems like information management on larger team sizes or the specialization of the labor force and how that can negatively impact efficiency.
Other issues revolve around sustainability, such as climate change, the globalization of materials, and human health and productivity. The book continues with core concepts and a deeper understanding of keys to sus- tainability in building design, touching on building envelope, systems, materiality, and orientation.
Finally, we create the synergies with BIM and discuss how to use the information hosted in the BIM model to better inform the building design and share benefits with the project team. We conclude with a brief look to the future of all the things we imagine and hope can soon be accomplished because of the value BIM brings to sustainable design. We hope that you enjoy Green BIM and can capitalize on our knowledge and expe- rience to help advance your practice and share innovations with others as we move for- xix ward to a more sustainable future.
The year was and architects were starting to use terms like green and environmentally friendly to describe their projects and project approaches.
Dialogue, experience, and market- place transition have allowed the people not only in the profession of architecture but also other professions involved in the design, construction, and operation of the built environment to garner a better understanding of what green means.
Generally speak- ing, however, today we think in terms of sustainability. Another example is the Native Ameri- can teepee, built from both natural plant and animal materials found in the region. The teepee was lightweight and easy to transport for reuse and was designed utilizing natu- ral convection flows for heating and cooling.
The ancient Pueblo peoples of the south- west who are often referred to as the Anasazi utilized naturally formed cliffs and 1: caves as the location for some of our first sedentary civilizations, adding structures CHAPTER made of earthen materials found on site Figure 1. They understood the sun and nat- ural rock formations enough to utilize passive solar techniques for cooling, heating, and lighting. Image courtesy of Jean D. Dodd Figure 1. Civic structure and time for play and leisure developed buildings of cultural and politi- cal significance.
Humankind was no longer building for survival alone. Some examples of this transitional period were the inspiring and elegant structures built by highly skilled craftsmen to last lifetimes. Buildings like St. The goal of the Industrial Revolution was to conserve human labor while increasing pro- duction of all things needed for human society.
Herein lay the beginning of prefabrica- tion and interchangeable parts. Natural resources, in the industrial model, were rarely valued at their true cost. Most natural resources were treated as if they were abundant, unlimited, and inexpensive.
As we turned the corner into the early twentieth century, humankind started to master premanufactured materials and components, transporting materials from around the globe. However, the invention of better technologies for electric lighting, elevators, and other mechanical systems soon changed our built environment for decades to follow Figure 1.
Our built environment relies on developed technology standards that for the most part have been turned into building codes and thereby linked to product warranties. Most of our heat- ing and cooling is mechanical, most of our lighting is artificial, and we get our building materials from anywhere in the world. Starting in the middle of the twentieth century through today, humans, especially North Americans, have continued to develop build- ings in each and every one of our major climate zones with no respect for local climate.
We believe the modern understanding of human impact on the natural environ- ment started in the s, with the exact event remaining unclear. Silent Spring was the first open look at widespread ecological degradation from 5 poisons, insecticides, weed killers, and other common products.
Department of Interior, legally protected almost 9 million acres of wilderness in the United States by designating it as preservation area. Interest continued in the s as a growing number of people realized that humans have a direct impact on the natural environment.
Two creations from the s that are still with us today are Earth Day and the U. Senator from Wisconsin, Gaylord Nelson, called for an environmental teach-in, or Earth Day, to be held in the spring of It is estimated that on April 22, , over 20 million Americans participated in demonstrations that year.
Earth Day is now coordinated by the nonprofit Earth Day Network and is observed in countries. This short-lived portion of the Green Building movement began as a reaction to oil shortages and the political and environmental events of the time.
This part of the movement was therefore focused pri- marily on energy conservation. However, after the oil embargo and the Arab-Israeli and Vietnam wars ended in the middle part of the s, we went back to our path of ecological ignorance, staying in that pattern until the early s.
One positive event during late s was the adoption of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty designed to phase out pro- duction of substances responsible for ozone depletion.
Recent Trends Toward Sustainable Design So where did the most recent dialogue about green start in the realm of building design and construction? Leaders from this group strived to keep energy and environmental concerns as a major design topic, and support surfaced at the AIA Convention in St.
Louis, Missouri. The purpose of the ERG was to provide architects and others in the building industry a basis for comparing the envi- ronmental impact of building materials, products, and systems. According to the AIA, the number of project submissions continues to grow each year. During the first year there were only around 15 entries. Then from to entries grew from just over 20 to around From to , entries hovered around 60—65, and in the number jumped to One of the primary differences between the groups is that the USGBC is not beholden to any one profession; it includes all building industry professionals.
It has also raised consumer awareness of better, greener buildings. As last reported by the USGBC in , they have 12, member companies and organiza- tions, quadruple the number from five years prior. Individuals from these companies participate in over 72 local chapter components, and attendance at the national con- ference, Greenbuild, has grown to more than 20, people. Unfortunately, that definition is still widely debated even within the systems that have been created for our daily use.
Is a green building sustainable? Can a building be considered green without achieving complete sustainability? As our knowledge has increased, rightly so have our questions. Defining Sustainable Design Before moving forward, we should be clear about the terms green and sustainable. What does being green mean to you? Undoubtedly it will mean something a bit differ- ent to you than the person next to you. In fact, in only the past few years has the term become common outside of the industry.
In if you told someone that you were designing a green building, you would have to follow up with an explanation about how that meant it was environmentally friendly, not the color green. In a nutshell, that is how the term was and still is widely used—a green building has less of an impact on the natural environment than the traditional buildings the industry has completed over the last three decades. Only recently have we been able to quantify this impact.
This has made the definition of sustainable design more cumbersome but is definitely a vast improvement in how we think about our buildings.
A sustainable design is better than a green one because sustainability takes into account a greater array of impacts than just those that burden the natural environment. For example, whereas green building of the early s might have contained some materials with some recycled content, a building of today that is approaching sus- tainability will consider the whole lifecycle of the product.
Designers, contractors, and owners consider raw material extraction, manufacture location and processes, durabil- ity, reuse, and ability of the material to be recycled.
We will cover more examples later in this book. So what is the best definition for sustainable design? We find the World Com- mission on the Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland Commis- sion, offered the best definition in the report to the United Nations: 10 Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compro- mising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
In his book, Cannibals with Forks, John Elkington offers a deeper look into the definition of sustainability. Elkington described a concept called Triple Bottom Line accounting. In this form of accounting, entities would take into account their environ- mental and social performance in addition to their economic performance Figure 1. These three areas, which we refer to as People, Planet, and Prosperity, are commonly called the three legs of the sustainability stool.
We believe that correctly balancing deci- sions over all three areas results in a sustainable solution. With a broader range of thinking and understanding being developed about sus- tainability, the building industry is also exploring the deeper meanings. Language in the building industry still remains loose, using the terms green and sustainable interchange- ably.
As criteria for sustainable design principles have been explored, several leading thinkers have tested designs and written about the differences between green design and sustainable design. Two documents from the first decade in the twenty-first century address the difference. It provides its own energy and water, cleans its own wastes, and emits no pollution. The report authors also acknowledge that a truly sustainable building would mitigate impacts dur- ing design and construction.
When reviewing the report many professionals are primarily interested in the first cost premium for each solution. The other document addressing the difference between green and sustainable design is the Trajectory of Environmentally Responsive Design by Integrative Design Collaborative.
The design pattern described in this document is shown in Figure 1. As stated before, the three widely accepted legs of the sustainability stool are People, Planet, and Prosperity.
Given human nature, each of us might tend to value one a little bit more than the other two, but the more that we can make the three of them balance out, the better our design solution will be. People As designers, we have a code of ethics that includes our responsibility to protect life. Traditionally, this responsibility has been viewed as the lives of occupants within our buildings.
In reality, the choices that we make also affect human life beyond a particu- lar building or site. The impact of our choices ranges from those who manufactured the materials and products the building is composed of to the inhabitants in places up and downstream from the building. There have been some commonly used materials in buildings that are suspected or known to have harmful toxins, carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, or other harmful chemicals.
Also there are natu- rally occurring substances in materials that off-gas and accumulate in greater quantities when enclosed within the building envelope. As the industry learned from asbestos treated materials and chromated copper arsenate CCA —treated wood, the temporary benefits of these materials are not worth the long-term potential to harm building users.
We must eliminate the use of such materials when there is an appropriate alter- native. The industry must also strive to develop alternatives when a material has become suspect.
Other factors, and of no less importance, that influence the health and well- being of building occupants include noise, temperature, humidity, access to fresh air, daylight, and views and the ability to control them. Most owners should have the well- being of their employees in mind because oftentimes the cost of employees, not to men- tion attracting and keeping the best ones, outweighs the first cost and operational cost of the building.
The USGBC has compiled many of the studies that have been done on the rela- 14 tionship between green buildings and people. Studies have found that green buildings have human health and productivity benefits, such as better test performance in schools, earlier discharges from hospitals, increased sales in retail environments, increased production in factories, and increased productivity in the office environment.
Since then many metrics have been developed to compare past, present, and future patterns against. The built environment has played a major part over the years. The energy consumption by build- ings results in pollution, ozone depletion, and global warming, which in turn causes health problems for every living species. The natural resources used to make buildings are either nonrenewable, such as plastic or steel, or harvested more quickly than they can be replenished, like wood from the old-growth forests.
According to the USGBC, buildings also consume 5 billion gallons of potable water per day to flush toilets, more than enough clean water wasted to provide every person in the world with clean drink- ing water. A current metric that has garnered a lot of attention lately is carbon.
The built environment has many pathways for generating greenhouse gas emissions. First we think of the energy a building uses to operate. In the United States, that energy is primarily from a coal-fired power plant, one of our dirtiest sources of energy. Next are the emissions from constructing the building, which includes the harvesting, manufacturing, and transportation of the materials to the site.
Finally there is the location of our building; if the building is located such that the majority of users must drive to it, we by default create an addi- tional carbon load. Prosperity The continued importance for role of the prosperity leg, which has traditionally driven most corporate decisions, often surprises some of the newest triple-bottom-line thinkers. Green design as we know it today has cost benefits, and the cost benefits of a sustainable design are rapidly developing shorter return on investment times.
Of primary interest to many building owners is the first cost premium tradition- ally associated with green buildings.
While third parties verified all of that data, the building was never built. Whichever leg of the stool you want to most align yourself with, make sure you honor the other two for balance and the most holistic return on your effort.
Little did any of us know that many of our other decisions addressed issues that today are considered green- building features. During that project, the team doubled the amount of windows in each classroom compared to previous models, provided operable windows, and designed daylight clerestories with shading and glare control in public and assembly 16 spaces. They also represent criteria of the model green building rating systems. All of them offer some form of score so that the high-performance claims of projects can be compared openly, at least within each system.
The two parts to this principal are the Building Environmental Loadings L , which is defined as the impact of the building on the outside world beyond a hypothetical project boundary, and Building Environmental Quality and Per- formance Q , which is defined as improvements for the building users within a hypo- thetical project boundary.
Users are encouraged to think about the project boundary as the division between private and public property. Each area is scored on a scale of 1 through 5, with 3 being average and 1 being the worst. Results from comparing the quality and the load reduction are plotted on the graph, as shown in Figure 1. We have been unable to find a U. The overall framework has parameters spread over seven main categories.
This is intentional and explains why more than 20 countries around the world are able to participate in the SBC and the development of the SBTool. As part of the adaptability, building performance is related to nationally estab- lished baselines or benchmarks. The IISBE notes that the scoring is meaningless unless 1: the national team has established the baseline values.
In an attempt to have further flexibility, the IISBE also touts that the SBTool can be used for projects of all sizes, commercial or residential, as well as both new construction and renovation. The tool comes in three parts. First is the tool for noting and weighting the appropriate standards for the region the project is in. Second is a tool for the design team to describe all the project information. Last is the assessment form, which is based on information from the first two forms. A first assessment can be done at the end of the design stage, with the final assessment coming after occupancy.
Credits are awarded in each area according to performance and then added together through a combined weighting process.
Finally, the building is rated on a scale of Pass, Good, Very Good, or Excellent, and a certificate awarded to the project. In it was adapted for use in the design of new buildings, and then in it was converted to a U. The Green Globes tool itself is questionnaire based. To that end teams are expected to answer questionnaires and review recommendations developed from their answers at each stage of the design process.
An original goal behind the creation of the Green Globes system was to provide a simple, online, self-assessment tool. While this allows flexibility and cost savings compared to other rating systems, it can make the credibility of the assessment suspect. To that end, Green Globes has recently developed a third-party verification system. Verification is provided by a Green Globes trained licensed architect or engineer who has been approved by GBI. Precertification can be obtained after the construction doc- ument stage, with the final rating and ability to use the Green Globe certification com- ing after the Green Globes verifier reviews the completed project.
Buildings that have been third-party verified for certification receive a plaque for display. Currently no organizations require Green Globes ratings for their buildings. The rating system has two key fundamental attributes. Depart- ment of Energy.
Second, and common to the other systems, using LEED is voluntary. A goal behind creating the LEED system was to establish a measurement standard for what is considered a green building, comparing them on an even playing field. At the time of creation, some U. With its required third-party certification, LEED made it clear which buildings were high-performance green buildings and which ones were not.
Under the LEED-NC system, buildings are judged via a point credit system in five categories of environ- mental performance and one additional area for innovative strategies Figure 1.
Up until June 26, , once those seven prerequisites were met, the points attempted were left up to the team. It was at this time, in reaction to stakeholder cries for more progressive energy efficiency requirements, that the USGBC made achieving the first two Optimize Energy Performance points required as well.
After the construction document phase, the team can submit design credits for a cursory review. The total credits achieved in each category are added together for the final score to determine the level of certification awarded to the project. This clear, simple, verified system has been greeted with rapid adoption across the U. As a result of LEED entering the marketplace, the building industry, building owners, and design practitioners have been educated and consumers made more aware.
Individuals can show their proficiency with the LEED system and at understanding green building practices by taking the LEED accredited professionals exam. This is yet another level of competition among design and construction firms.
This can be a fun, inner-firm competition. As a testament to how well received and beneficial the LEED program is, a num- ber of federal government agencies, states, and local municipalities require LEED certi- fication. Army, U. Ninety- two cities have adopted LEED standards of some form in ordinances, mostly for municipally owned developments.
Unlike the current green building rating systems, LBC is based on what the building does, not what it is designed to do. As the name suggests, the building must achieve living status in that it has zero net annual impact on the environment from an operational and construction perspective. Buildings are judged on 16 different achieve- ments referred to as prerequisites. Unfortunately, it was never built, but it did define a new bench- mark to be reached. As the industry prevails as experienced integrated design teams, we will move on to achieve projects that are restorative and then ultimately regenerative.
Orr Figure 1. This tool has already begun changing how designers work with their consultants and with builders, but it also has the ability to help guide the industry in a more sus- tainable direction by allowing easier access to the tools necessary to quantify a greener design approach. In this chapter we will discuss what BIM can mean to the team as a whole and how it can help to inform the basis of a sustainable design workflow.
In the architectural, engineering, and construction AEC industry, there is a misconcep- tion by some that BIM is only a piece of software. A BIM model, on the other hand, is a grammatically incorrect term that has become somewhat commonplace to refer specifically to the digital model created by the software in a BIM-based process. BIM is a relatively recent switch in design and documentation methodology in the design and construction industries.
BIM is information about the entire building and a complete set of design documents stored in an integrated database. All the information is parametric and thereby interconnected. Any changes to an object within the model are instantly reflected throughout the rest of the project in all views. A BIM model can be holistically used throughout the design process and the construction process.
For instance, it aids a design team by allowing parametric changes to a building design by speeding up the design process. If you move a wall in a plan, it is reflected in the elevations, sections, and other related views in a documenta- tion set. After that model is brought to a level of completion by the design team, it can then be delivered to the contractor.
She or he can use the model for on-site visualiza- tion of the design intent to get an understanding of what the space should look like when complete instead of the 2D abstraction provided in the drawing set. The contrac- tor can additionally use the model for quantity take-offs and glean real-time material quantities. So, in a wall example, the contractor could tell instantly how much gypsum board or insulation is needed to build the wall.
BIM has shifted how designers and contractors look at the entire building process from preliminary design, through construction documentation, into actual con- struction, and even into postconstruction building management.
With BIM, you create a parametric 3D model used to autogenerate traditional building abstractions such as plans, sections, elevations, details, and schedules. Drawings are not collections of man- ually coordinated lines, but interactive representations of the model.
Working in a model-based framework guarantees that a change in one view will propagate to all other views of the model. As you shift elements in plan, those changes appear dynami- cally in elevation and section. If you remove a door from your model, the software simultaneously removes the door from all views and your door schedule is updated.
This enhanced system allows unprecedented control over the quality and coordination of the document set while providing tools for quick analysis of energy use and material consumption. Figure 2. In a CAD-based method, each view is drawn separately with no inherit relation- ship between drawings. The CAD-based drawings are simply a collection of all the manually generated files.
This BIM model then has the ability to generate the plans, sections, detail, and so forth. BIM is certainly not the only tool in the palette, but it is one of growing importance to help designers, contractors, and owners manage the ever-increasing amount of informa- tion and complexity in a project.
Over the past years, the design and building industry has changed dramati- cally. Buildings have become much more complex with many more interrelated and integrated systems. These layers have required more documentation on the part of the architect to design the project, with many more sheets and details added to the drawing sets.
This has in turn demanded more time to coordinate all of these systems, coordinate and manage the additional trades and installers on site for the contractor, and demanded a more knowledgeable staff to maintain these systems on the part of the owner.
These and other factors have led to an overall decline in building performance and an increase in energy consumption. EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help!
Publication date Topics Sustainable buildings -- Design and construction , Building information modeling , Building -- Data processing Publisher Indianapolis, Ind. Written by an award-winning team that has gone beyond theory to lead the implementation of Green BIM projects, this comprehensive reference features practical strategies, techniques, and real-world expertise so that you can create sustainable BIM projects, no matter what their scale. From basic concepts, to sophisticated test methodologies, to improved workflows, this timely book offers a wealth of information you can implement right away.
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